Is- I.

Man’s place in evolution 6 Man branches out 8 The evolving inteUect 10 The ape who never grew up The social an imal The brain stem: life support Consciousness: the inner world Sleep: its nature and function Dreams: pictures in the mind Hunger and thirst Sex drive and response The limbic system: mood and memory Emotions: the range of human feeli ngs John Reckless, M.

Framework of the body Cells: structure 18 Cells: function 20 DNA: the code of life 22 Skin, hair and nails 24 Bone and connective tissue 26 The skeleton: the: inner scaffolding 28 joints: the skeleton in actio n 30 Muscles: structure 32 Muscles: volumary moverncm 34 Muscles: involuntary movement Diet: energy requirements 40 Digestion : th e breakdown of food 42 Stomach and intestines: tJ1e absorption of food 44 T he liver: processing, purification and storage 46 Metabolism: the lire of life 48 The circulation of blood 50 T he heart: a muscular pump 52 Blood : components 54 Blood: funclion 56 Respiration and speech 58 Lungs: the exchange of gases 60 Kidneys: filtration units Hormones: chemical coordinators 66 H ormones: chemical messengers 68 The brain and central nervous system 70 Nerves: how they function Ch1cago, lllinois First printing as Atlas of the Body.

Frontal lobe and personality Left hemisphere: the logical brain Right hemisphere: the artistic brain Lcal’lling: ilic acquisition of skills Short-term and long-term m emory l ntelligc:ncc: mental skills Creativity: novel thinking T he cerebral cortex: information processing 76 The eye: structure 78 Eyes: how they function 80 Visual perception: the mind’s eye 82 The cars: structure 84 Ears: function 86 The tongue and taste 88 T he nose and smell 90 Touch, temperature, pressure and pain 92 T he cerebellum: monitor of movement 94 T he motor cortex: coordination of movement The male anatomy and physiology The female anatom y and physiology Fertilization: the beginning of life Early pregnancy: one week to three months Late pregnancy: three to nine months The birth of the chi ld H eredity This dualism.

Yet it is obvious to even the most superficial inquiry that they are inextricably interdependent. T he body, especially if it is diseased.

What happens at the boundary between bod y and mind? Is there in fact a boundary at all? Is it just that certain very complex physical pheno mena are labelled mental, and less complex ones are labelled as physical?

This is the position of the materialistic p hilosophers. Both dualists and materialists br;ng philosophical proble m s upon themsel ves. Rather than starting from a defined philosophical standpoint.

T he body is the s ubstrate of mind.

Apart from some do ubtful phenomena we cannot scientifically be sure of the existence of mind without a bod y through which some of its manifestations are seen.

The nervous system is the system which is most obviously conce rned with mindand it is the study of this which brings us most closely to the toue where mental phenomena may be indistinguishable from physical ones.

It is here that this book scores so heavily, for a picture is wort. H owever, menral activity and subtle cell ular reactions are not always reducible to simple visual terms and it is here that the text.

It is an admirable combination. For our comfort and conunued hold on a reasonable and reasoned existence we need all the understanding of ourselves that we can obtain.

The place of the mind in nature and its limitations, and what imposes these. This is why this book is important, for the knowledge it contains ought to be widely known.

By the simplicity oft he presentation, without sacrifice of accuracy. All who read and look carefully at this book will be enriched with deeper understanding of themselves.

Alori – Chapter One | The House of Sissify

Phllfp Rhodes, F. Hirons: Ralph Hurcho ngs.

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Hardly a year goes by without a discovery that alters the views of anthropolog ists about the age of man himself and the relationships between the different cultures of our long-distant ancestors throughout the world.

As man’s earliest ancestors left the forests to feed in the savannas and finally to form hunting societies on the open plains, so they changed physically, mentally and socially.

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This ability, along with the increase in brain size and, consequently, intelligence, has allowed him to develop superior technologies.

At the same time, as man climbed the evolutionary ladder, he developed a social structure which, molded and directed by the same forces of natural selection, led to the modern structured societies and material cultures of today.

It WitS another two hundred million years or so before vertebriltcs, anima ls with backbones. About m1llion years ago. If man is the most successful of animals, it is m erely because he is the best adapted.

Mlln is a mammal, lind the mammals suc ‘eeded the reptiles as the dominant form of animal life on the su rface of the earth because they were significllntly better adllpted than reptiles.

The lirst major characteristic of the mllmmals is warm-bloodedness. The importance of warm-bloodedness is that it maintllins a relatively high and stable body temperature for the physiological processes going on in the cells of mammals and makes them independent of external sources of heat and able to Aourish in many different environments.

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Along with warm-bloodedness goes the evolution of efficient insulation in the form of hair, fur or layers of fat deposits. This was a far more efficient mode of reproduction and made the mammals take much better care of their offspring than did the reptiles.

It also enab led them to take advantage of their fourth, ;tnd perhaps. It is no accident that this last most importan t characteristic is nowhere shown more developed than among the primates, the main subgroup of the mammals, tO which man belongs.

Essentially they were treeliving mammals. This is because sight became much more important to them in their arboreal habitat than the sense of smell, on which most mammals relv.

A life in the trees also required generalized limbs with grasping, or prehensile, hands and feet. This capacity to grasp objects and, in particular, branches, has been lost in man in the case of the foot, but it has been compensated for by a greatly improved capacit ‘ for manipulation with the hands.

Their arborea l life made them notably larger-brained. The first primates. Many arc nocturnal.

Today th ey are represented by the bush babies, or galagos, tarsiers, lorises. Ccncrally larger than the prosimians, the monkeys have exploited life on the thicker, stronger branches of the trees and live on larger fruit, birds’ eggs and grubs.

The apes are larger still. The gibbon, the smallest ape, and the least closely related to man, is a superb performer in the forest canopy, from which it seldom descends to the ground.

The simians and orangutans are also essentially arboreal, but the gorillas and chim panzees are now to a great extent terrestrial and spend most of their time on the ground, returning to the thick, inner boughs of the trees only at night.

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These adapmtions can all be seen as extensions of the basic trends in mammalian evolution already so successfully developed by the earlier primates.

And by living in family groups and fostering culture. Man’s evolution began aboul SIXty love million years ago.

Untrl thirty-frve mrlhon years ago diHerenl primate grouPS were evolvrng unul ono gave rise to the primitive stock from which Jhe apes pongrds and humans hominids evolved.

The evolutron of apes. Homo orectus and Homo sapiens. Man’s ancestors, forty million years ago. Twenty-five to thirty million years ago.

The bettfl’ an animal is adapted to its envi ronment the more successful it becomes. A Man’s technological advances have g iven him greater freedom of movement and independence of his environment than other animals.

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B By becoming omnivorous, using fire. These primates, which probably moved on all four limbs. Holocene period.

Man branches out As each of the member species of the primate family began to adapt itself to its particular habitat in or around the trees, each of the main subgroups of the order came to manifest a characteristic locomotor behavior.

The smaller prosimians became vertical clingers and leapers, specialized for a life among the thinner branches of trees and shrubs.

The larger prosimians and the monkeys became, or remained, quadrupedal, that is they got about in the trees on all fours with the involvement of each limb being more or less equal.

This is quite different from vertical clinging and leaping or from quadrupedal ism, and is best exemplified by the gibbons and simians, among the apes, and by the spider monkey.

The legs and feet play no part at all in true brachiation, and in the case of the gibbon they arc retracted up under the body during Right.

Typically, brachiators have very long arms relative to their legs, and hook like hands under which the body can be suspended.

Larger apes, including the chimpanzee and the gorilla, arc frequently called semibrachiators. They, too, have long arms and short legs, but not to the same extent as does the g ibbon.

They are.

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If relative arm and leg lengths of primates are compared by means of what is known as. In the intermembral index series he belongs among.

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Vertical clinging and leaping is a specraloted form of primate locomotion. The forelimbs play lillie part in movement. The hand and loot are particularly adapted to vertical clinging and leaprng.

The fingers and toes are elongated. The palms. Ouodrupedalism is a generalrted f orm of movement involving all lour lrmbs. The chacma baboon.

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It has short fingers and toes. The arms are fully extended above the head. The brachiators have forelrmbs fer longer than hind hmbs. The hand has strong.

The body is propelled by alternate movements of tho hind limbs.